Advanced

Urolithin A triggers mitophagy — the selective recycling of damaged mitochondria. It's naturally produced from gut bacteria metabolizing ellagitannins (found in pomegranates), but most people don't produce enough. Timeline's Mitopure is a direct supplement form.

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine found in wheat germ, soybeans, and aged cheese. It's one of the few compounds shown to extend lifespan in multiple model organisms, and it works by inducing autophagy — the cell's recycling program.

Fisetin is a plant flavonoid (concentrated in strawberries) identified by Mayo Clinic researchers as the most potent natural senolytic — a compound that selectively kills senescent cells. These 'zombie cells' accumulate with age and secrete inflammatory factors.

PQQ stimulates the creation of new mitochondria (mitochondrial biogenesis) via PGC-1alpha activation. It also acts as a powerful antioxidant — up to 5,000 redox cycles compared to 4 for vitamin C.

Alpha-lipoic acid is both water- and fat-soluble, giving it access to every compartment of the cell. It's a cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) and regenerates other antioxidants including vitamins C and E, and glutathione.

Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables — most concentrated in broccoli sprouts (100x more than mature broccoli). It's the most potent natural activator of the Nrf2 pathway, the master regulator of cellular antioxidant defense.

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment produced by microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) — it's what makes salmon and flamingos pink. It has antioxidant potency reportedly 6,000x greater than vitamin C in certain assays, and uniquely spans the cell membrane, protecting both the lipid and aqueous layers.

PEMF devices generate low-frequency electromagnetic fields that penetrate tissue and influence cellular behavior. FDA-cleared for bone healing (since 1979) and treatment-resistant depression (rTMS). Anti-aging applications are theorized but less established.

Microcurrent devices deliver very low-level electrical current (typically below 1 milliamp) to facial muscles and skin. They claim to tone facial muscles, increase ATP production, and stimulate collagen synthesis. NuFace and ZIIP are the leading consumer brands.

Deliberate cold exposure activates brown adipose tissue, triggers norepinephrine release, and engages hormetic stress pathways. Cold plunge tubs and cryotherapy chambers are the most common devices. The practice has deep roots in Nordic and Japanese traditions.